How to Code for Ophthalmology?

By Stephanie Adams August 7, 2025 Ophthalmology Coding

Coding for ophthalmology involves navigating a specialized set of billing codes – primarily CPT (Current Procedural Terminology) codes – that are essential for documenting exams, diagnostic tests, procedures, and surgeries specific to eye care. Accurate coding is critical for proper reimbursement and compliance with regulatory standards.

Understanding the Main Coding Systems in Ophthalmology

Eye Codes (CPT 92002–92014)

• Eye codes are specific to ophthalmology and are used for documenting new and established patient eye exams.
• New vs. Established Patients:
  • 92002 & 92004: New patient (intermediate and comprehensive exams)
  • 92012 & 92014: Established patient (intermediate and comprehensive exams)

Comprehensive exams involve a complete review of all 12 potential ocular exam elements.

Evaluation & Management (E/M) Codes (99202–99499)

• Not eye-specific; used for office, hospital, and consultation visits across all medical specialties.
• Post-2021, E/M coding is determined by medical decision making (MDM) or total physician time.
• In ophthalmology, often there’s a choice between using an E/M code or an Eye code.

Key Steps in Ophthalmology Coding

Document Thoroughly

• Accurate coding depends on comprehensive documentation of:
  • Patient’s history and chief complaint
  • Examination findings
  • Medical decision making or time spent
  • Diagnosis and treatment plan

Choose the Correct Code

• Decide between Eye codes and E/M codes:
  • Use Eye codes for routine care focused on vision exams.
  • Use E/M codes for complex medical cases or insurer policy requirements.

Assign Procedure and Diagnostic Codes

• For surgical and special procedures, use corresponding CPT codes.
• Examples:
  • Cataract surgery: 66984
  • Corneal topography: 92025
  • OCT: 92134
• Use ICD-10 codes to indicate the diagnosis justifying each procedure.

Apply Modifiers if Needed

• Indicate unusual circumstances, such as professional (modifier -26) or technical components (modifier -TC).

Common Challenges and Best Practices

• Stay Current: Codes are routinely updated; always use the latest code set.
• Avoid Unbundling: Use comprehensive codes that include all bundled components.
• Audit and Train: Regularly review workflows, train staff, and use resources like coding guides.
• Practice Compliance: Ensures protection against audits and reimbursement denials.

Essential Resources for Ophthalmology Coding

• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO): Offers practical coding guidance and updates.
• Optum Coding Companion for Ophthalmology: Provides CPT/ICD-10 overviews and tips.

Final Tips on How to Code for Ophthalmology

• Accuracy Drives Reimbursement: Insurers require documentation to support each code.
• Patient Care Depends on Proper Coding: Supports both patient management and practice sustainability.

Mastery of ophthalmology coding ensures you’ll be reimbursed fairly, comply with regulations, and maintain high-quality patient care. Regularly utilize specialty resources, keep your knowledge up to date, and document meticulously.